Effects of bed-material gradation on clear water scour at single and group of piles

Abstract This study presents the results of 32 laboratory experiments on local scour at a single pile and 1 × 4 group for both uniform non-uniform sediments under clear water conditions. The present aims to evaluate effects different sediment beds made up mixtures sand gravel (four-bed configurations) in d 50 (1–3.5 mm) gradation (1.4–3) ranges depth flow discharges depths. Further, findings are deployed describe spacing conditions pier bed granulometries. In addition, this addresses performance some existing scour-depth predictors. Also, corresponding suitable validating numerical models prediction importantly with sediments. summary, show that dampen increasing shallowness. Furthermore, maximum groups generally increases as decreases sediments, whereas mentioned trend was not observed same Moreover, experimental revealed is controlling factor pile’s scour. Thus, predictions could be highly improved by considering predictions. Finally, conclusions drawn from provide crucial evidence protection bridge foundations only front but also rear piles.